Pilot error means that an action or decision made by the pilot was the cause of, or contributing factor to, the accident. The common thread to the accidents were flight crews distracted from flying by non-essential conversations and activities during . The instructor must exercise good judgment to decide how much control to use. about five nautical miles from the airport. Informing the tower of the balked landing should be accomplished only after these tasks are completed. [Figure 8-11], During a lesson, workload can be gradually increased as the instructor monitors the students management of tasks. #121 The Sterile Cockpit - TailWheelersJournal.com The student is not only learning to do something, but he or she is also learning a self-teaching process that is highly desirable in development of a skill, The exact procedures that the instructor should use during student practice depends on factors such as the students proficiency level, the type of maneuver, and the stage of training. to find specific examples of problems related to non-compliance with the sterile Instancia integrada por cuatro diputados miembros de la Comisin Jurisdiccional, que tiene a su cargo practicar todas las diligencias necesarias para la comprobacin de la conducta o hecho de responsabilidad poltica y/o penal de algn servidor pblico incluido en el artculo 110 constitucional . Sterile cockpit procedures General Aviation News In this case, the pilot landed his aircraft without loss of life, Teaching pilots to make sound decisions is the key to preventing accidents. The controller growled a little, ADM training focuses on the decision-making process and the factors that affect a pilots ability to make effective choices, Timely decision-making is an important tool for any pilot. Aviation strategies often guide patient safety improvement discussions. before landing. Would suggest that, in these flight circumstances where cruise This is true no matter how diligently they attempt to apply themselves to the learning task, A minor illness, such as a cold, major illness, or injury, interferes with the normal rate of learning. the danger is that i can appear to be . The habitual attention to instrument indications leads to improved landings because of more precise airspeed control. To explain the decision-making process, the instructor can introduce the following steps with the accompanying scenario that places the students in the position of making a decision about a typical flight situation, The first step in the decision-making process is to define the problem. It is just as important that a student be advanced to the subsequent step as soon as one goal has been attained, as it is to complete each step before the next one is undertaken. When the aircraft was fueled the following morning, 60 gallons of fuel were required to fill the 62-gallon capacity tanks. Do not talk to the student on short final of the landing approach, During a post-solo debriefing, the flight instructor discusses what took place during the students solo flight. Instill importance of "see and avoid" in the student, During landingconduct stabilized approaches, maintain desired airspeed on final, demonstrate good judgment for go-arounds, wake turbulence, traffic, and terrain avoidance. visiting the cockpit or calling on the interphone were noted in almost one quarter (b) No flight crewmember may engage in, nor may any pilot in command permit, any activity during a critical phase of flight which could distract any flight crewmember from the performance of his or her duties or which could interfere in any way with the proper conduct of those duties. be most effective, crews need to talk -- even if it is just merely "get The assessment must consider the students mastery of the elements involved in the maneuver, rather than merely the overall performance, In order for a student to be signed off for a solo flight, the CFI must determine that the student is qualified and proficient in the flight tasks necessary for the flight. Two steps to improve flight safety are identifying personal attitudes hazardous to safe flight and learning behavior modification techniques, Flight instructors must be able to spot hazardous attitudes in a student because recognition of hazardous thoughts is the first step toward neutralizing them. By discussing the events that led to this incident, instructors can help students understand how a series of judgmental errors contributed to the final outcome of this flight: Weather decisionon the morning of the flight, the pilot was running late and, having acquired a computer printout of the forecast the night before, he did not obtain a briefing from flight service before his departure, Flight planning decision/performance chartthe pilot calculated total fuel requirements for the trip based on a rule-of-thumb figure he had used previously for another airplane. The second activity is the instructors supervision, Student performance requires students to act and do. The instructor cannot be responsible for these outside diversions, but cannot ignore them because they have a critical effect on the learning process. A successful CFI points out the potential for the behavior and teaches the student the antidote for that attitude. Conversations unrelated to the procedure occurred in 28/30 (93%) emergences. This may be done by frequent review of new periodicals and technical publications, personal contacts with FAA inspectors and designated pilot examiners (DPE), and by participation in pilot and flight instructor clinics. Nowhere does Webster's define "sight-seeing" From the start of flight training, the instructor must ensure students develop the habit of looking for other air traffic at all times. During the postflight evaluation, collaborative assessment is used to evaluate whether certain learning criteria were met during the SBT, Collaborative assessment includes learner self-assessment and a detailed assessment by the aviation instructor. The overall focus of flight training should be on education, learning, and understanding why the standards are there and how they were set. The flight instructor must use good judgment when communicating with a solo student. The instructor must quickly evaluate the students need for help, and not hesitate to take control, if required. Traffic pattern congestion, change in active runway, or unexpected crosswinds are challenges the student masters individually before being able to perform them collectively, SBT lends itself well to visualization techniques. Anxious students can be incredibly strong and usually exhibit reactions inappropriate to the situation. Full stop landings help the student develop aircraft control and checklist usage. cockpit needs to be cleaned up. While being vectored in a busy terminal The CFI bases this assessment on the students ability to demonstrate consistent proficiency on a number of flight maneuvers. Instructors should also take care to clearly describe the actions students are expected to perform. Without resolution, human performance continues to fall off, and judgment becomes impaired so that unwarranted risks may be taken. As an example, a level turn might be demonstrated and described by the instructor in the following way: Use outside visual references and monitor the flight instruments, After clearing the airspace around the aircraft, add power slightly, turn the aircraft in the desired direction, and apply a slight amount of back pressure on the yoke to maintain altitude. For example, in a weight-shift control aircraft the control bar is moved right to turn left. Collaborative assessment is used to evaluate whether certain learning criteria were met during the SBT, Collaborative assessment includes two partslearner self-assessment and a detailed assessment by the flight instructor. Safety permitting, it is frequently better to let students progress part of the way into the mistake and find a way out. Based on his original calculations, he believed sufficient fuel remained for the flight home, Fatigue/failure to recognize personal limitationsin the presence of deteriorating weather, the pilot departed for the flight home at 5:00 p.m. It is especially critical during the demonstration-performance method of flight instruction. related purposes as ordering galley supplies and confirming passenger Keeping the flight deck well ventilated aids in dissipating excess heat, Students can become apathetic when they recognize that the instructor has made inadequate preparations for the instruction being given, or when the instruction appears to be deficient, contradictory, or insincere. Is the "sterile cockpit" concept applicable to - ScienceDirect If the student has been adequately prepared and the procedure or maneuver fully explained and demonstrated, meaningful learning occurs. Some airlines have installed a cockpit-controlled "sterile cockpit call to the flight attendants on the interphone. With the update of the Instrument Practical Test Standards (PTS) to include electronic flight instrument displays, flight management systems, GPS, and autopilot usage, knowledge of internal resources becomes an important component of flight training. Aircraft Destroyed. of the reports in our data set. This is where learning takes place and where performance habits are formed. The purpose is to determine that applicants possess the skills required to cope with distractions while maintaining the degree of aircraft control required for safe flight. No distinction in the pilots operation of the flight controls is permitted, regardless of whether outside references or instrument indications are used for the performance of the maneuver. Several reports we examined indicate Tension and apprehension apparently contribute to airsickness and should be avoided, Fatigue is one of the most treacherous hazards to flight safety as it may not be apparent to a pilot until serious errors are made. Rough air and unexpected abrupt maneuvers tend to increase the chances of airsickness. Mental habits begin to form with repetition of the instructions previously received. Despite all the changes in technology to improve flight safety, one factor remains the samethe human factor. However, keep in mind that the required amount of lead really depends on the type of turn, turn rate, and roll-out rate. This is usually defined as the taxi, take-off and approach and landing phases, and when operating under 10,000 feet (although each . on an instrument approach to Runway 04 when it crashed into high terrain This definition also includes the pilots failure to make a decision or take action. To fully achieve the demonstrated benefits of this type of training, the use of visual and instrument references must be constantly integrated throughout the training. phase of flight except those duties required for the safe operation of For this type of instruction to be fully effective, the use of instrument references should begin the first time each new maneuver is introduced. Two reports demonstrated that a cockpit and serious incidents that perhaps could have been prevented. When this occurs, the instructor should be prepared to schedule additional training, Positive exchange of flight controls is an integral part of flight training. By explaining a specific maneuver in greater detail or offering some additional encouragement, the instructor may be able to alleviate some of the students stress, To help students manage the accumulation of life stresses and prevent stress overload, instructors can recommend several techniques. The best way to illustrate this concept to students is to discuss specific situations that lead to aircraft accidents or incidents. This is true of all flight students, but special handling by the instructor may be required for students who are obviously anxious or uncomfortable, The demonstration-performance training delivery method was discussed briefly in Chapter 4, The Teaching Process, but the following in-depth discussion is geared to the flight instructor. instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by. surprised when they lined up with the wrong runway -- and doubly surprised when Acute fatigue, a normal occurrence of everyday living, is the tiredness felt after long periods of physical and mental strain, including strenuous muscular effort, immobility, heavy mental workload, strong emotional pressure, monotony, and lack of sleep, Acute fatigue caused by training operations may be physical or mental, or both. a very fine elucidation. Upon reaching a wings-level attitude, reduce power and trim to remove control pressures, Second, the student tells as the instructor does. The expected outcome of each possible action should be considered and the risks assessed before the pilot decides on a response to the situation, Brenda determines the fuel burn if she continues to her destination and considers other options: turning around and landing at a nearby airport, diverting off course, or landing prior to her destination at an airport en route. or pointing out sights of interest and filling out company payroll and AFSS can provide updates on weather, answer questions about airport conditions, and may offer direction-finding assistance. On a cross-country flight, you become disoriented. Although not all assessments lend themselves to reteaching, the instructor should be alert to the possibility and take advantage of the opportunity when it arises. 14 CFR Section 91.3, Responsibility and Authority of the Pilot in Command, states that "In an inflight emergency requiring immediate action, the pilot in command may deviate from any rule of this part to the extent required to meet that emergency", Flight instructors should incorporate ADM, risk management, situational awareness, and SRM throughout the entire training course for all levels of students. It is equally important for the student to learn the feel of the airplane while conducting maneuvers, such as being able to feel when the airplane is out of trim or in a nose-high or nose-low attitude. airmanship in not monitoring altitude and course information. Your fellow crew members and passengers are hoping that you will. For example, including relaxation time in a busy schedule and maintaining a program of physical fitness can help reduce stress levels. During training, CFIs can routinely point out resources to students, Internal resources are found in the flight deck during flight. The sterile cockpit rule was designed The student should also understand the correct sequence and be aware of safety precautions for each procedure or maneuver. It is difficult for students to learn a maneuver properly if they seldom have the opportunity to correct an error, On the other hand, students may perform a procedure or maneuver correctly and not fully understand the principles and objectives involved. instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by.

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