According to Raby, adolescent girls resistance is hard to characterize because it expresses itself within local, micro-struggles working in an oppositional but sporadic, diffuse, and localized manner (p. 148). Peer groups can also be thought of as a form of social capital (see Chapter 2). When a student enters high school, the courses that he or she takes greatly influence the post-secondary options available to him or her upon graduation. The inner ring is characterized by explicit moral instruction. For example, with small children, socialization tends to focus on control of biological and emotional impulses, such as drinking from a cup rather than from a bottle or asking permission before picking something up. Next: Structural and Social Inequalities in Schooling, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, Relationships broken at end of school year. Agents of socialization are the social structures in which socialization occurs. The government also funds other programs that provide Home schooling advocates have argued that one reason might be that the school-based peer group is unnatural and that home schooling exposes young people to a wider variety of age groups, which makes them more socially mature (Smedley 1992). It is not surprising that some teachers interactions with disruptive students can be hostile and critical. What role does school climate play in student socialization? The socialization of students through the use of school rules, including dress codes and uniforms, was also addressed. She notes that personal style is very much at the heart of social identities and how a girl presents her body is akin to her social skin. While Pomerantz was collecting her data between 2002 and 2003, there were two particular uniforms for girls at East Side Highthe Britney look and the JLo look, named after pop music icons Britney Spears and Jennifer Lopez, respectively. Relationships with teachers are also central in the process of socialization. Pomerantz (2007) argues that dress codes work to contain young womens sexuality (p. 383) through the reproduction of a specific type of femininityone that is White, middle-class, and heterosexual. Students also learn their gender at school. School helps your child learn skills to relate to different personality types. Children gain an impression of how people perceive them as the Streaming is a topic that is hotly debated (Loveless 1999). Unless a child attended preschool or nursery, the structure and routines of the school day and the social relationships within the school setting must be entirely learned. In other words, boys need to be in places where traditional expressions of masculinities can be fostered and nurtured because the current organization of school does not allow this. The school is described as demo-cratic, as students have an active voice in their educational development. Education serves as an agent of socialization because it engages students in competition in academic success which helps create a social environment for students to interact in. In general, students who plan to attend a post-secondary institution, regardless of their specific career aspirations, need to familiarize themselves with the entry requirements of the institution and program the plan to enter. When peer group relationships are positive, it is reasonable to assume that the school environment is a supportive and potentially enjoyable one. Girls who wear tank tops and are reprimanded are at risk of being deemed immoral or slutty, and boys who violate certain rules aimed at them may be labelled gangsters. Pomerantz argues that implicit in many of the dress code discourses is the message that it is a females moral duty to keep herself covered. The expected behaviours at school are much different from within the family, and the structural features of day-to-day life at school are in stark contrast to what was experienced in the family home. School board rules also prohibit vandalism, aggression, and racist, homophobic, sexual, and gender-biased speech. Box 6.3 Zero Tolerance Policies in Canadian Schools. She notes that style is perceived to be a voice of resistance among many girls, but also queries whether such an en masse expression of resistance through consumption of fashion and music can really be considered resistance if so many young people seem to be doing itat least to some extent. A teacher, for example, is largely in charge of the student, but the relationship that a child has with a teacher is far less intimate than the relationship a child shares with his or her parents; A student must also adapt to spending a significant amount of time in large groups; A child must learn to be independent to achieve the academic goals of school; A child must also learn to form bonds and develop social bonds with other children in school; and. Socialized Delinquency. As well, children who cannot engage themselves with the material being taught in the classroom may turn to disruption of peers due to boredom and frustration. Because each province in Canada handles its own curriculum, how streaming occurs in school varies greatly by jurisdiction. These behaviours, however, served only to reproduce their working-class membership. Recent immigrant youth may also be placed in lower tracks due to their English language skills, rather than their overall academic ability (Sweet et al. Instead of occurring in the public sphere, girls resistance was contained to private spaces to avoid the risk of being criticized. The topics that children learn about and how they are presented are just one way that school acts as a socializing agent. Not all schools in Canada have top-down rule making, as described above and criticized by Raby (2005). Raby (2005) further argues that school codes of conduct reflect middle-class, often White, and rather gendered values. Describe the processes by which socialization occurs in schools. Internationally, girls have also been achieving higher standardized reading scores than males since the 1990s (see Box 6.5 for discussion). But curriculum is just one aspect. What concerns do critics of home schooling have about the socialization of home schooled children? As well, bully victims are often targeted for being too smart (Fried 1997) or below average intelligence (Olweus 1978) and being of a lower socioeconomic background (Bernstein and Watson 1997). While the media may tend to overemphasize the home schooling practices of the religious right in Canada and the United States, many parents in Canada choose to home school not for religious reasons, but because they are dissatisfied with the curriculum and/or the social environment of schools. Customer Service Environment Group Dynamics Institutions Looking Critics argue, however, that further demarcating tasks as masculine and feminine continues to promote very narrow gender roles (Greig 2003). For example, schools teach children how to behave appropriately in society. Within the general category of elites, such peer groups as populars, student union members, and preppies were found. What kinds of topics do they discuss on their websites? Research in Canada suggests that non-White students perceive that school rules are unequally enforced (MacDonell and Martin 1986; Ruck and Wortley 2002). Pomerantz argues that dress codes are not simply neutral school policies; they also impact on the creation of gender, sexuality, and race. What is the relationship between school rules and the socialization of students? Peer aggression can also take the form of relational aggression, which has been identified as behaviour specific to girls (Artz 1998; Simmons 2002). Victims also tend to experience irritability (Sharp 1995), anxiety (Olweus 1978; Salmon and James 1998; Sharp 1995; Slee 1994), and anger and self-pity (Borg 1998). Previous explanations of males outperformance of females in science and mathematics suggested that biological factors predisposed males to be better at more technical subjects than females. Teachers, however, shape the socialization of students by other processes as well, which are discussed below. Verbal abuse by the teacher (which consisted of verbal humiliation, name-calling, and yelling) was also found to negatively impact on students academic achievement. The influence teachers exert over students in their delivery of curriculum has been addressed above and in the previous chapter. For example, in order for someone to become a doctor he/she One reaction has been an outcry that educational standards are failing boys. Often such students have difficult home lives and such supports may be lacking in the home environment. Their role in guiding the moral development of children, however, is often not simply limited to setting a good example. The alternative peer groups found in most middle and secondary schools can also be thought of as a form of youth resistance. The ways school socialises a person. Socialization is a process of inheriting the customs, ethnicity and philosophies which provides them with expertise and ways which are important for the people to be a part of their own society. Sociologists have divided socialization in Six (6) groups. The first one is Primary socialization in which the As noted earlier in this chapter, students with social and emotional disabilities are more likely to be punished under school disciplinary codes of conduct. Give examples of how each works. In contrast, teachers who had high-quality relationships with their students also reported significantly fewer behavioural problems in their classrooms (Marzano et al. Theories in the Sociology of Education, 3. Outside of the core are two rings of moral instruction. But why would home schooled children be better socialized, as many American proponents have indicated? Recall from Chapter 2 that Boudon discussed how secondary effectslike the aforementioned characteristicscan impact on educational attainment because they influence the types of educational choices made by a student and his or her family. It is explained that students voices are important and that individual voices are to be developed within the boundaries of the community, which upholds the three rules. Young people are more likely to agree with rules that they accept as offering them protection. The girls argued that they were honouring a school tradition by wearing duct tape clothing to the game and that their attire was modest. Developmental socialization This type of socialization involves a learning process wherein the focus in on developing our social skills. As Table 6.1 illustrates, there are many new things for children to get used to in the school setting. How do children decide what courses they will take in secondary school? Justifications for student dress codes often centre on arguments about maintaining a desirable school image, respect of ones self and others, and preventing distractions (Raby 2010). Moral education and character education are even found in some provinces curricula (Box 6.1). His teacher Jussim and Harber (2005) found that the expectations that teachers have about their students influenced how they behaved toward them. What are the rationales given for dress codes and school uniforms? As noted by Sweet et al. Personal histories of students are ignored and therefore students do not carry the stigma of past experiences with them in the school. During socialization, a person learns to become a member of a group, community, or society. They were also more likely to be married. The Quebec researchers also found that the likelihood of a child experiencing verbal abuse from a teacher is also fairly consistent across grades, such that when students start a new year with a new teacher, they are likely to encounter the same kind of interactions. Schools become a significant social world for children to navigate. Dunstable School in Alberta, for example, has instituted policies that promote socially desirable behaviour. Primary socializationoccurs within the family and is where children first learn their own individual identity, acquire language, and develop cognitive skills. [S]tudents who aspire to careers that involve the development, production, teaching and study of more complex texts need to register in this course sequence. The table above shows the differences and similarities between the curricula of the two streams. One resigned and the other did not have his contract renewed.2. For example, if a child came from an absent family, or was put in a school or daycare when they were an infant or toddler, a school-like institution may influence primary socialization (Whitbeck, 1999). Within the school setting, social competence is achieved when students embrace and achieve socially sanctioned goals. Within these two generalizations, however, much differentiation existed regarding the amount of money spent on the clothing. These students did not have a strong peer group identity with one of the established school peer groups and were at the periphery of the school social scene. The others category was a catchall for various other peer groups, such as nerds, band club, normals, loners, and the unpopular. In school, we also learn social skills through our interactions with teachers, staff, and other students. WebSome kids need extra help learning and following social rules. In many ways, the teacher serves as a parental replacement during school hours, although this figure must be shared with many other children and the relationship is more emotionally distant. WebFor example, in the United States, schools have built a sense of competition into the way grades are awarded and the way teachers evaluate students (Bowles and Gintis 1976). Pomerantz (2008) studied the school identities of girls at a high school on Vancouvers east side. Students who have good relationships with their teacher are also likely to have better mental health, feel more connected to their school, and experience positive academic outcomes (Jennings and Greenberg 2009). Popular girls and boys also tended to be part of high-status school-sponsored school activities, namely cheerleading (for girls) and team sports (for boys). Sweet et al. Infamous acts of school violence, such as the events at Columbine High School in 1999, led to increased concern about violence in schools, which resulted in the emergence of zero tolerance policies around school codes of conduct. Students will be required to sit still during lessons. Current practices appear to reflect the desire to create obedient future employees or citizens (Raby 2005). Changes in specific school dress codes shift according to trends in popular fashion. Use Google to find home schooling advocacy groups in Canada. In 2001, the Ontario Ministry of Education instituted the Safe Schools Act, which was designed to address violence and behavioural problems in schools. Since the 1990s, however, this has reversed, with girls getting the higher scores, particularly in reading. A child must develop skills that allow him or her to function socially, emotionally, and intellectually within the school environment. 2007). Some schools encourage active citizenship wherein students participate in creating and modifying schools codes of conduct, and other aspects of their schooling, including course content. Describe how school rules, codes of conduct, and dress codes impact on the socialization of students. Schools socialize children by teaching them their formal curricula but also a hidden curriculum that imparts the cultural values of the society in which the schools are found. One of these values is the need to respect authority, as evidenced by these children standing in line. Box 6.1 Teaching Morality through Example and through Curriculum, Do students look at teachers as moral exemplars? In other words, inherent to such arguments are notions that only men can teach to male students and that the loss of males from the profession and the subsequent lowering of boys scores relative to girls is evidence of how feminization of the school is harming boys (Froese-Germain 2006). What are peer groups and what does social identity mean? As noted by Sussman et al. Increasing the homogeneity of ability within a classroom also promotes better classroom management (Barakett and Cleghorn 2008). WebExamples of Socialization 1. There are many agents of socialization within the school environment, as indicated by Brints (1998) zones of socialization. Moral education is a subject taught at all cycles of school in Quebec. In contrast, Pre-calculus mathematics is described as designed for students who will be continuing studies at the post-secondary level in fields related to mathematics and science. Students who exhibit higher academic aptitude are put with similar students into advanced courses where they will be challenged. The styles were adopted by girls largely based on race, with White girls sporting the Britney look and the Asian and Hispanic girls wearing JLo styles. Other agents of socialization within the school were also discussed. In fact, mile Durkheim (1973) proposed a protracted role for educators in socializing children into morality. Differentiate between the home schooled experience and outcomes of socialization with those who attend school. As noted earlier, at the core of these zones are school rules, to which we now turn. For example, in 2007 British Columbia passed a law require all schools to have codes of conduct and a zero tolerance policy toward bullying. An analysis of the relationship between character and citizenship education revealed that the overarching message was to promote assimilation into Canadian society (Winton 2007).4. This bottom-up approach to decision making has proven to be a very effective one for students who, for various reasons, were not successful in the mainstream system. Attempts to attract more males to the teaching profession have also been suggested as a solution to the boy problem. With school teachers being almost exclusively female, the feminization of schoolingargument suggests that schools are a place where male interests are not cultivated. In this chapter, however, the main focus is on how schools contribute to the socialization of children. Introduction to the Sociology of Education, A Case Study of a Major Education-Related News Item in Canada, Using the Sociology of Education to Help Understand the Events in Attawapiskat, Bronfenbrenner and Ecological Systems Theory, The Development of Education in the Rest of Canada, The History of Aboriginal Education in Canada, Funding of Primary and Secondary Education in Canada, Public and Private Post-secondary Education, Historical Events in Canadian Curriculum Development. Socialization that occurs within the family, where children first learn their own individual identity, acquire language, and develop cognitive skills. And How! (2007) found that across numerous studies from the English-speaking world, peer groups generally fell into five very broad categories: elites, athletes, deviants, academics, and others. Illustrate how peer groups contribute to the social identity of students. Tom Lee. For example, we learn the importance of obeying authority and Streaming, as a way of dividing students into ability groupings, was described as creating internalized roles for students which may force them into social categories that are difficult to move out of. How do students learn gender at school? However, as Greig (2003) points out, this approach assumes that all boys like a particular type of book and that there is a standardized masculine identity that should be cultivated. As noted by Wentzel and Looney (2006), there are several different social realities to which a child must adapt: In addition to learning different behaviours that are appropriate for school, there are also structural features of school to which children must adapt. Meanness, on the one hand, is a trait that is spurned by girls, yet, on the other hand, is associated with popularity (Currie and Kelly 2006). The first part addresses the essential implication of race theory in adult education. Benefits. A major objective of socialization in the school setting is to make a child socially competent. Box 6.2 What Do Academic and Applied Streams Look Like? The social learning that children undergo when they enter other social institutions, such as school. The The findings of research on the impact of school uniforms on school safety has, in general, not supported the premise of reduced behavioural problems in students (Han 2010) or school achievement (Yeung 2009). Few male role models exist to make young boys interested in subject matter because school subjects and the entirety of the schooling environment are for girls. Activities such as reading are considered girl activities, and behaviours that are valued in a classroom environment, like sitting still and paying attention, are more associated with the behaviours of young girls than boys. First, it teaches members the skills necessary to satisfy basic human needs and to defend themselves against danger, thus ensuring that society itself will continue to exist. Other research using the same Canadian data sources has also found that a strong school bond, or commitment to ones school and education, is associated with protecting children from the influence of delinquent peers and reducing early aggression in young students (Sprott, Jenkins, and Doob 2005). This process not only accustoms people to social groups but also At-risk children who display early aggression and signs of early offending can have these risks reduced if the school environment is a supportive one. It has been found that peer abuse results in low self-esteem and depression (Boulton and Underwood 1993; Rigby and Slee 1995; Salmon and James 1998; Slee 1995; Smith and Myron-Wilson 1998), feelings of insecurity (Slee 1995), anxiety (Slee 1994), and social withdrawal (McCarthy 1997). Child victims also report having recurring memories of the abuse (Sharp 1995) and being afraid to seek help (Slee 1994; Smith and Myron- Wilson 1998). Overall, Raby and Domitrek (2007) have found that Canadian youth seemed to be generally supportive of rules they regarded as protective (rules prohibiting fighting and bringing weapons to school, for example), as long as they were presented as logical and enforced fairly in practice. The failure of children to be socially accepted by their peers. Instead of passive citizens who are expected to follow rules handed down from positions of authority, students in these alternative schools are active citizens who participate in the democracy of the school structure. This difference may be due to ethnic group membership, disability, physical attractiveness, or being a newcomer to the classroom (Asher et al. 2003). Explicit moral instruction occurs in the elementary grades, when children are socialized to aspire to virtues such as kindness, generosity, courage, and hard work. 2004). Being the member of a peer group that engages in deviant or rebellious behaviour, for example, may increase the bond of students within those groups but also serve to reinforce related attitudes and behaviours that result in poor school performance. Of course, the socialization that results from primary socialization rests heavily upon the social class, ethnic, religious, and cultural backgrounds and attitudes of the family. The sense of belonging to a school community; can influence behavioural outcomes in students. Many researchers have called the reaction to perceived underachievement by boys a global moral panic (see, for example, Griffin 2000; Smith 2003; Weaver-Hightower 2003). Streaming, seen this way, may therefore act to reproduce social inequalities by limiting post-secondary opportunities (Sweet et al. And the grand outcome of socialization is also theorized to be the result of how all the systems interact with one another. 1. Humans are innately social and thrive in communication, comradery and competition with others. The findings suggest that at-risk children may be socialized into a cycle of negative interactions with teachers, which may not only contribute to their future delinquency but also reduce their academic performance. Academics as a group mostly consisted of brains who did well in their studies and extracurricular activities that were academically oriented. They also tended to be popular. Children who are home schooled do not attend formal school and are taught usually by a parent in the home environment. One final agent of socialization is religion, discussed further in A dimension of socialization including the self-regulations of the body required of students to fit into the school environment, such as raising a hand or sitting still. Single-sex schools have also been suggested as a solution to the boy problem. Greig (2003) argues that proponents of such arguments are engaged in a discussion that assumes that boys are in need of gender repair (Lingard and Douglas 1999). Adapted from Dreeben, Robert, 1968, On What is Learned in School, Percheron Press, A Division of Eliot Werner Publications, Inc., Used with permission. Opponents of streaming note that those from disadvantaged and working-class backgrounds are disproportionately found in the vocational stream (Cheung 2007; Davies and Guppy 2006). Blair and Sanford (2004) found in their study of boys in an elementary school in Alberta that boys strongly preferred reading materials that they could talk about with their friends.

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